PubMed Central, : Rambam Maimonides Med J Rambam Maimonides Medical Journal Rambam Health Care Campus 2013 July; 4(3): e0019. ISSN: 2076-9172Published online 2013 July 25. doi: 10.5041/RMMJ.10119.

Current Surgical Devices	Reoperation Rates	Limitations	Ref.
Cryopreserved homografts	6%–58% at 5 years, 36%–90% at 15 years, depending on the diameter, age at surgery, and heart defect	No growth potential Immunogenicity and inflammatory response Calcification Structural degeneration Limited availability	¹⁸^,²²
Stented heterografts (e.g. Hancock^® tube: porcine aortic heart valve in a tube made of Dacron^®)	19% at 5 years, 68% at 10 years, 95%–100% at 15 years, depending on the diameter, age at surgery, and heart defect	No growth potential Early calcification Structural degeneration Pannus formation Excessive stiffness with anatomic compression/distortion	²³
Stentless heterografts (e.g. Contegra^® tube: bovine jugular vein)	22%–40% at 5 years, depending on the diameter, age at surgery, and heart defect	No growth potential Immunogenicity and inflammatory response Stenosis of the distal anastomosis Pseudoaneurysm of the proximal anastomosis Severe conduit regurgitation	²⁴^,²⁵
Stentless heterografts (e.g. Shelhigh^® tube: porcine pulmonary heart valve in a tube made of bovine pericardium)	48%–67% at 1 year, depending on the diameter, age at surgery, and heart defect	Intimal peel formation at the distal segment No growth potential Immunogenicity and inflammatory response Pseudoaneurysm	²⁶
Mechanical valves	Only in older children and adults	No growth potential Anticoagulant therapy required Thromboembolic complications	²⁷