The Status of Various Paths for Genetically Related Artificial Sperm Production to Date.27
| Path | Animal Model | Human | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sperm Cell | Fertilization | Offspring | Sperm Cell | Fertilization | Offspring | |
| In vitro differentiation of germline stem cells | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| In vitro proliferation of germline stem cells and auto-transplantation | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| In vitro differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| In vitro differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells and auto-transplantation | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| In vitro somatic cell transformation into sperm cells | ||||||
| In vivo somatic cell transformation into sperm cells | ✓ | |||||