* Cardiac arrhythmias promote endothelial dysfunction, thrombogenesis, and systemic inflammation that accelerate atherosclerosis, hence they were part of the inclusion criterion for this study.

† Deep dental caries was excluded as this can act as a chronic, low-grade irritant to the pulp tissue, triggering inflammation and reparative responses that may lead to pulp stone formation.

‡ Poor quality radiographs were defined as images with inadequate clarity or contrast, where radiopaque