Table 3.

Patient Characteristics by Frailty Status.

Participants (N=100) Robust (n=14) Pre-frail (n=59) Frail (n=27) P-Value
Age, years, n (%)
 65–69 (n=68) 10 (14.7) 44 (64.7) 14 (20.6) 0.042
 70–75 (n=24) 4 (16.7) 13 (54.2) 7 (29.2)
 >75 (n=8) 0 2 (25.0) 6 (75.0)

Sex, n (%)
 Male (n=52) 12 (23.1) 32 (61.5) 8 (15.4) 0.003
 Female (n=48) 2 (4.2) 27 (56.3) 19 (39.6)

Residence, n (%)
 Urban (n=60) 8 (13.3) 37 (61.7) 15 (25.0) 0.63
 Rural (n=40) 6 (15.0) 22 (55.0) 12 (30.0)

Education level, n (%)
 <High school (n=58) 8 (13.8) 36 (62.1) 14 (24.1) 0.56
 ≥High school (n=42) 6 (14.3) 23 (54.8) 13 (31.0)

Co-habitation, n (%)
 Living with spouse (n=78) 9 (11.5) 46 (59.0) 23 (29.5) 0.31
 Living alone (n=22) 5 (22.7) 13 (59.1) 4 (18.2)

GDS-5 score, n (%)
 ≥2 (n=57) 10 (17.5) 32 (56.1) 15 (26.3) 0.93
 <2 (n=43) 4 (9.3) 27 (62.8) 12 (27.9)

Medical comorbidities, n (%)
 Hypertension (n=62) 6 (9.7) 40 (64.5) 16 (25.8) 0.50
 CAD (n=19) 3 (15.8) 11 (57.9) 5 (26.3) 0.31
 Hypothyroidism (n=12) 1 (8.3) 7 (58.3) 4 (33.3) 0.08

Polypharmacy, n (%)
 <5 types/day (n=53) 8 (15.1) 33 (62.3) 12 (22.6) 0.49
 ≥5 types/day (n=47) 6 (12.8) 26 (55.3) 15 (31.9)

Personal habits, n (%)
 Smoker (n=18) 5 (27.8) 9 (50.0) 4 (22.2) 0.63
 Non-smoker (n=82) 9 (11.0) 50 (61.0) 23 (28.0)

 Drinks alcohol (n=33) 5 (15.2) 19 (57.6) 9 (27.3) 0.92
 Abstains from alcohol (n=67) 9 (13.4) 40 (59.7) 18 (26.9)

 Tobacco user (n=9) 1 (11.1) 5 (55.6) 3 (33.3) 0.62
 No tobacco use (n=91) 13 (14.3) 54 (59.3) 24 (26.4)

CAD, coronary artery disease; GDS-5, 5-item Geriatric Depression Scale; SD, standard deviation.

RMMJ Rambam Maimonides Medical Journal Rambam Health Care Campus 2025; 16(4): e0019. ISSN: 2076-9172
Published online 2025 October 31. doi: 10.5041/RMMJ.10554