Proposed Mechanisms Linking GLP-1 Receptor Agonists to Neuropsychiatric Outcomes.

Mechanistic pathways are hypothesized and integrate findings from preclinical and translational studies; they do not establish causality in humans.

ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; GIP, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide; HPA, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal; NAc, nucleus accumbens; NTS, nucleus tractus solitarius; PVN, paraventricular nucleus; VTA, ventral tegmental area.